内窥镜是一个配备有灯光的管子，可以经人体的天然孔道，或者是经手术做的小切口进入人体内进行诊断。? 近年来，随着科技水平的提升以及人们健康意识的增强，内窥镜市场得到了迅速的发展。现代内窥镜按照发展阶段可分为硬管式内窥镜、半可屈式内窥镜、光纤内窥镜、电子内窥镜四个阶段。

　　An endoscope is a tube equipped with light that can enter the human body through natural channels or small surgical incisions for diagnosis and treatment.? In recent years, with the improvement of technology and the enhancement of people's health awareness, the endoscope market has experienced rapid development. Modern endoscopes can be divided into four stages according to their development stages: rigid tube endoscopes, semi flexible endoscopes, fiber optic endoscopes, and electronic endoscopes.

　　1804年，Philip Bozzini大胆提出了内镜的思考和设想，并在1806年制造了一种以蜡烛为光源的器具，由一花瓶状光源、蜡烛和一系列镜片组成，用于观察动物的膀胱与直肠内部结构被称为明光器（Lichtleiter） ，虽然未用于人体，Bozzini仍被誉为个内窥镜的发明人。?? 随后，法国外科医生Desormeaux，次将“Lichtleiter”运用于人体，因此他被许多人誉为“内窥镜之父”，他的“明光器 ”是以烧煤油和松节油灯为光源，灯的上方带有烟囱，并用透镜将光线聚集以增加亮度，可想而知灼伤是进行这种检查时的主要并发症。虽然这种内窥镜可以到达胃，但光线太暗，所以主要用于检查泌尿系方面的疾病。

　　In 1804, Philip Bozzini boldly proposed the idea and conception of endoscopy, and in 1806, he created an instrument with a candle as the light source, consisting of a vase shaped light source, a candle, and a series of lenses. It was used to observe the internal structure of the bladder and rectum of animals, and was called the Lichtliter. Although it was not used in the human body, Bozzini is still known as the inventor of the first endoscope.?? Subsequently, French surgeon Desormeaux applied the "Lichtliter" to the human body for the first time, earning him the title of "father of endoscopes" by many. His "illuminating device" used kerosene and turpentine oil lamps as light sources, with a chimney above the lamp and a lens to concentrate the light to increase brightness. It can be imagined that burns are the main complication of this examination. Although this endoscope can reach the stomach, the light is too dim, so it is mainly used to examine urinary system diseases.

　　1879年，受演艺者吞剑的启发，Kussmaul将一直的金属管放入一名演艺者的胃内来观察胃腔，这样台食管胃镜就问世了。? 同年，柏林泌尿外科医生Nitze制成了个含光学系统的内窥镜(膀胱镜)，其前端含一个棱镜，用电流使铂丝环过热发光并以之作为光源，同Lichtleiter一样，该内窥镜仅被用于泌尿系统。Nitze在膀胱内循环冰水以避免热灼伤，由于该内窥镜能获得较清晰的图像，Nitze还利用它拍摄照片，后来Nitze在他的膀胱镜中引入了操作管道，通过该管道可以插入输尿管探针进行操作。

　　In 1879, inspired by the entertainer swallowing a sword, Kussmaul placed a metal tube into the stomach of an entertainer to observe the gastric cavity, thus creating the first esophageal gastroscopy.? In the same year, Berlin urologist Nitze created the first endoscope (cystoscope) with an optical system, which included a prism at the front end and used an electric current to overheat a platinum wire ring to emit light as a light source. Like Lichtliter, this endoscope was only used for the urinary system. Nitze circulated ice water inside the bladder to avoid thermal burns. Due to the clear images obtained by this endoscope, Nitze also used it to take photos. Later, Nitze introduced an operating tube into his cystoscope, through which a ureteral probe could be inserted for operation.

　　1881年?内窥镜在泌尿生殖系统的成功应用，促使人们将其应用于人体的其他部位。1881年Mikulicz和Leiter采用Nitze的硬管光学系统成功地制成了个适用于临床的胃镜。

　　In 1881? The successful application of endoscopy in the urinary and reproductive system has prompted people to apply it to other parts of the human body. In 1881, Mikulicz and Leiter successfully created the first gastroscope suitable for clinical use using Nitze's rigid tube optical system.

　　1898年 1898年Killian制成并成功使用了个支气管镜。

　　In 1898, Killian made and successfully used the first bronchoscope.

　　2、半可屈式内窥镜

　　2. Semi flexible endoscope

　　? 个半可屈式胃窥镜是由Schindler从1928年起与器械制作师Wolf合作开始研制的，并终在1932年获得成功，定名为Wolf-Schindler式胃镜。? 其特点是前端可屈性，即在胃内有一定范围的弯曲，使术者能清晰地观察胃粘膜图像。

　　What? The first semi flexible gastroscope was developed by Schindler in collaboration with instrument maker Wolf in 1928, and was ultimately successful in 1932, named the Wolf Schindler gastroscope.? Its characteristic is front-end flexibility, which means there is a certain range of curvature in the stomach, allowing the surgeon to clearly observe the image of the gastric mucosa.

　　3、纤维内窥镜

　　3. Fiber endoscope

　　1954年 英国Hopkings及Kapany研究了纤维的精密排列，有效地了纤维束的图像传递，为纤维光学的实用奠定了基础。

　　In 1954? Hopkins and Kapany from the UK studied the precise arrangement of fibers, effectively solving the image transmission of fiber bundles and laying the foundation for the practical application of fiber optics.

　　4、电子内窥镜

　　4. Electronic endoscope

　　1983年美国Welch Allyn公司研制并应用微型图像传感器 (charge coupled device,CCD)代替了内镜的光导纤维导像术，宣告了电子内镜的诞生——内镜发展史上另一次历史性的突破。

　　What? In 1983, Welch Allyn Company in the United States developed and applied a miniature image sensor (charge coupled device, CCD) to replace the optical fiber guidance of endoscopy, announcing the birth of electronic endoscopy - another historic breakthrough in the history of endoscopic development.

　　电子内窥镜具有分辨率高、图像真实清晰、色彩鲜明、强度高、寿命长、更耐用的优点，同时具备多人观看，可存储图像数据的特点，正在逐步的替代以前使用的纤维内窥镜，给百余年来内镜的诊断和开创了历史新篇章，在临床、教学和科研中发挥出巨大的优势。

　　What? Electronic endoscopes have the advantages of high resolution, realistic and clear images, vivid colors, high intensity, long lifespan, and greater durability. They also have the ability to be viewed by multiple people and store image data. They are gradually replacing the previously used fiber endoscopes, opening a new chapter in the history of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment for more than a hundred years, and playing a huge role in clinical, teaching, and scientific research.

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