硬管内窥镜的维修及介绍

　　Maintenance and Introduction of Hard Tube Endoscope

　　关于硬管镜

　　Regarding the rigid tube mirror

　　硬管内窥镜，主要用于人体表浅及浅层部位自然腔道和通过穿刺开口腔道的病灶诊断和(或)，如膀胱镜、宫腔镜，在操作中不可弯曲。

　　Hard tube endoscopes are mainly used for the diagnosis and/or treatment of lesions in superficial and superficial natural cavities of the human body, as well as through puncture opening cavities, such as cystoscopy and hysteroscopy. They cannot be bent during operation.

　　发展历史

　　Development history

　　内窥镜是人类窥视自身体内器官的重要工具。古希腊名医，有着医药之父之称的希波克拉底（Hippocrates，约公元前460-前370）曾描述过一种直肠诊视器，该诊视器与我们今天所用的器械十分相似。类似的诊视器还发现于庞培遗迹（Pompeii，意大利古都，公元79年火山爆发，全城淹没），这些诊视器曾被用于窥视阴道与子宫颈，检查直肠，并用于检视耳、鼻内。当时进行这些检查时利用的是自然光线。内窥镜的真正发展还是起于近代，一般可将其发展阶段分为：硬管式窥镜、半可屈式内窥镜、纤维内窥镜、超声与电子内窥镜等阶段。硬管式内窥镜的发展经历了两个阶段：即开放式硬管内窥镜阶段与含有光学系统的硬管内窥镜阶段。

　　Endoscope is an important tool for humans to observe their internal organs. Hippocrates, the renowned physician of ancient Greece and known as the father of medicine, described a rectal sight that was very similar to the instruments we use today. Similar examination devices have also been found in the Pompeii ruins (the ancient capital of Italy, where a volcano erupted in 79 AD and the entire city was submerged). These examination devices were once used to observe the vagina and cervix, examine the rectum, and examine the ears and nose. At that time, natural light was used for these inspections. The true development of endoscopes dates back to modern times and can generally be divided into stages such as rigid tube endoscopes, semi flexible endoscopes, fiber endoscopes, ultrasound and electronic endoscopes. The development of rigid tube endoscopes has gone through two stages: the open rigid tube endoscope stage and the rigid tube endoscope stage containing an optical system.

　　基本结构与工作原理

　　Basic structure and working principle

　　硬管内窥镜主要由光学成像系统和照明系统组成：光学部分外观看是一个细长的金属管子，而里面装着一个由许多透镜组成的完整的光学系统。光学成像系统由物镜系统、转像系统、目镜系统三大系统组成。被观察物经物镜所成的倒像，通过转像系统将倒像转为正像，并传输到目镜，再由目镜放大后，为人眼所观察。如图1所示。为构成不同的视向角，需加入不同的棱镜。不同用途的内窥镜根据使用要求制作成不同的外形、外径、长度，以达到使用所需的要求。照明传输系统由光导纤维组成，将冷光源的光经过光导纤维传输到内窥镜前端，照亮被观察物。

　　A rigid tube endoscope is mainly composed of an optical imaging system and an illumination system: the optical part is a slender metal tube for external viewing, while inside it is a complete optical system composed of many lenses. The optical imaging system consists of three major systems: the objective lens system, the conversion system, and the eyepiece system. The inverted image of the observed object formed by the objective lens is converted into a positive image through a conversion system and transmitted to the eyepiece. After being magnified by the eyepiece, it is observed by the human eye. As shown in Figure 1. To form different viewing angles, different prisms need to be added. Endoscopes for different purposes are made into different shapes, outer diameters, and lengths according to usage requirements to meet the required requirements. The lighting transmission system is composed of optical fibers, which transmit the light from the cold light source to the front end of the endoscope through the optical fibers, illuminating the observed object.

　　硬式内镜分类及应用

　　Classification and application of rigid endoscopes

　　01

　　01

　　膀胱电切镜

　　Bladder electrocautery

　　膀胱电切镜多用于对膀胱内部的疾病组织进行无创手术，具有风险低、成功率高、手术简单、愈合快、率高等优点。膀胱电切镜适用于间质性膀胱炎、滤泡性膀胱炎、腺性膀胱炎、气性膀胱炎、坏疽性膀胱炎等各种膀胱炎症的。

　　Bladder electrocautery is commonly used for non-invasive surgery of diseased tissues inside the bladder, with advantages such as low risk, high success rate, simple surgery, fast healing, and high cure rate. Cystoscopy is suitable for the treatment of various bladder inflammations such as interstitial cystitis, follicular cystitis, glandular cystitis, gas cystitis, gangrenous cystitis, etc.

　　02

　　02

　　膀胱镜

　　Cystoscopy

　　膀胱镜是内窥镜的一种，外形与尿道探子相似，电镜鞘、检查窥镜、处置和输尿管插管窥镜以及镜芯四部分构成一套，并附有电灼器、剪卡器和活组织检查钳等附件。

　　Cystoscopy is a type of endoscope that resembles a urethral probe in appearance. It consists of four parts: an electron microscope sheath, an inspection scope, a treatment and ureteral catheterization scope, and a core. It is equipped with accessories such as electrocautery, clip clippers, and biopsy forceps.

　　03

　　03

　　腹腔镜

　　laparoscope

　　与电子胃镜类似，是一种带有微型摄像头的器械。腹腔镜手术与传统手术相比，具有切口小、痛苦小、恢复快等优点，深受患者的欢迎，尤其是术后瘢痕小、又符合美学要求，青年病人更乐意接受，微创手术是外科发展的总趋势和追求目标。目前，腹腔镜手术的金标准是胆囊切除术，一般地说，大部分普通外科的手术，腹腔镜手术都能完成。如阑尾切除术，胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术、疝气修补术、结肠切除术、脾切除术、肾上腺切除术，还有卵巢囊肿摘除、宫外孕、子宫切除等，随着腹腔镜技术的日益完善和腹腔镜医生操作水平的提高，几乎所有的外科手术都能采用这种手术。

　　Similar to electronic gastroscopy, it is a device with a miniature camera. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery, which is highly welcomed by patients. Especially with small postoperative scars and aesthetic requirements, young patients are more willing to accept minimally invasive surgery, which is the overall trend and pursuit goal of surgical development. At present, the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery is cholecystectomy. Generally speaking, most general surgical procedures can be performed using laparoscopic surgery. Such as appendectomy, repair of gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation, hernia repair, colectomy, splenectomy, adrenalectomy, as well as removal of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, hysterectomy, etc., with the increasing improvement of laparoscopic technology and the improvement of laparoscopic doctors' operating level, almost all surgical procedures can adopt this type of surgery.

　　04

　　04

　　宫腔镜

　　Hysteroscopy

　　宫腔镜是一项新的、微创性妇科诊疗技术，可用于诊断、和随访子宫腔内病变，其实质上是一种纤维光源内窥镜，包括宫腔镜、能源系统、光源系统、灌流系统和成像系统。

　　Hysteroscopy is a new, minimally invasive gynecological diagnostic and therapeutic technique that can be used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of intrauterine lesions. Essentially, it is a fiber optic endoscope that includes hysteroscopy, energy system, light source system, perfusion system, and imaging system.

　　05

　　05

　　关节镜

　　arthroscope

　　关节镜是一种观察关节内部结构的直径5mm左右的棒状光学器械，是用于诊治关节疾患的内窥镜。除了对多种运动损伤具有作用之外，关节镜技术在关节炎外科中也可大显身手，发挥重要的作用。关节镜技术可运用于骨性关节炎、炎症性关节、色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎、晶体性关节病，感染性关节炎和创伤性关节炎等多种关节炎的诊断和。

　　Arthroscopy is a rod-shaped optical instrument with a diameter of about 5mm used to observe the internal structure of joints, and is an endoscope used for the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases. In addition to its therapeutic effect on various sports injuries, arthroscopic technology can also play an important role in the surgical treatment of arthritis. Arthroscopy technology can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, inflammatory joints, pigmented villonodular synovitis, crystalline arthritis, infectious arthritis, and traumatic arthritis.

　　06

　　06

　　经皮肾镜

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

　　经皮肾镜技术（PCNL）是腔内泌尿外科手术的一个重要部分。

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an important part of endourological surgery.

　　07

　　07

　　前列腺汽化电切镜

　　Prostate vaporization electric resection mirror

　　前列腺汽化电切前列腺增生症被全世界定位前列腺增生的金标准。另外，汽化电切镜还用与尿道肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤的电切以及前列腺癌的姑息性切除等。

　　The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with vaporization and resection of the prostate has been recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia worldwide. In addition, vaporization electrocautery is also used for electrocautery of urethral tumors, bladder tumors, and palliative resection of prostate cancer.

　　08

　　08

　　输尿管镜

　　Ureteroscope

　　近十几年来是我国泌尿外科迅猛发展的时期，输尿管镜手术是泌尿外科领域发展快，它是高科技在泌尿外科领域的应用，属微创诊断、的手段，深受广大病人的欢迎，它具有创伤小、，使不少过去要用开放手术的病人免除手术的创伤和痛苦。

　　In the past decade, China's urology department has experienced rapid development, with ureteroscopy being the fastest growing field. It is a high-tech application in urology, a minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment method, and is highly welcomed by patients. It has the advantages of minimal trauma and safety, allowing many patients who used to undergo open surgery to avoid the trauma and pain of surgery.

　　维护保养与注意事项

　　Maintenance and Precautions

　　随着使用硬管内窥镜的范围扩大，各科医生使用硬管内窥镜频率越来越高。硬管内窥镜是比较娇贵的医疗器械，但是只要能够正确的使用和维护，就可以避免损坏。

　　With the expansion of the scope of using rigid endoscopes, doctors from various departments are using them more frequently. Hard tube endoscope is a relatively delicate medical device, but as long as it can be used and maintained correctly, damage can be avoided.

　　维护保养

　　Maintenance and upkeep

　　1

　　one

　　硬管内窥镜使用完后应冲洗干净，把水渍凉干，镜头前端有污渍时应用镜头纸、棉签或细纱布轻轻擦拭。

　　After using the hard tube endoscope, it should be rinsed clean and the water stains should be dried. If there are stains on the front end of the lens, lens paper, cotton swabs, or fine gauze should be gently wiped.

　　2

　　two

　　硬管内窥镜应有专人专柜保管，放在专用的包装箱内，内衬柔软的海绵或聚氨酯泡沫。

　　The rigid tube endoscope shall be kept in a special cabinet by a specially assigned person, placed in a special packing box, and lined with soft sponge or polyurethane foam.

　　3

　　three

　　所有硬管内窥镜和手术器械都要码放整齐，不得交叉重叠放置，确保箱盖盖好后，内部的窥镜和器械不会在搬运时相互撞击。

　　All rigid endoscopes and surgical instruments must be neatly stacked, without overlapping or crossing, to ensure that after the box cover is closed, the internal endoscopes and instruments will not collide with each other during transportation.

　　4

　　four

　　取出或放入硬管内窥镜时，应双手平托，轻拿轻放。由于内窥镜的镜管很薄，受到挤压、磕碰、折弯、落地等情况就会弯曲变形，导致镜片破损或光轴偏移而造成图像不清楚或不能使用，所以从包装箱中取出或放入硬管内窥镜时，应双手平托轻轻地取出或放入，切忌提起一段拽出。

　　When removing or placing a rigid tube endoscope, it should be held flat with both hands and handled gently. Due to the thin tube of the endoscope, it may bend and deform when subjected to compression, collision, bending, landing, etc., resulting in lens damage or optical axis deviation, causing unclear or unusable images. Therefore, when taking out or placing a hard tube endoscope from the packaging box, it should be gently taken out or placed with both hands flat, and avoid lifting and pulling it out.

　　5

　　five

　　硬管内窥镜放在托盘等硬质容器内移动时，注意与其他器械分开放置，不要过分颠簸，以免碰撞到窥镜。

　　When moving the rigid endoscope in a tray or other hard container, be careful to separate it from other instruments and avoid excessive shaking to avoid colliding with the endoscope.

　　6

　　six

　　包装箱内应备有干燥剂保持箱内干燥。

　　There should be a desiccant inside the packaging box to keep it dry.

　　7

　　seven

　　有些硬管内窥镜不耐高温高压，这主要是因为其镜端封装用的环氧树脂胶在高温高压下会开胶而造成镜管内进水，光学系统进水后就会产生视野模糊，所以这类内窥镜不能用煮沸和高压蒸汽等高温高压的方法。

　　Some hard tube endoscopes are not resistant to high temperature and high pressure, mainly because the epoxy resin adhesive used for the sealing of the endoscope end will open under high temperature and high pressure, causing water to enter the endoscope tube. After the optical system enters the water, the field of view will be blurred. Therefore, these endoscopes cannot be disinfected by high-temperature and high-pressure methods such as boiling and high-pressure steam.

　　注意事项

　　matters needing attention

　　1

　　one

　　在使用其他器械时，尤其是咬合力较大的钳、剪类器械应注意镜管的前端不要伸进器械的咬合区内，以免误伤镜管。

　　When using other instruments, especially pliers and scissors with high biting force, attention should be paid to not inserting the front end of the mirror tube into the bite area of the instrument to avoid accidental injury to the mirror tube.

　　2

　　two

　　有些手术窥镜是在鞘管内使用，在更换其他角度窥镜或插拔器械时，应注意动作要轻，不可用力过猛。尤其是插拔窥镜过程中，当遇到阻力拔不动时应仔细查找原因，必要时应连同鞘管一起拔取，不要用蛮力。

　　Some surgical endoscopes are used inside the sheath. When replacing other angle endoscopes or inserting or removing instruments, attention should be paid to moving gently and not applying too much force. Especially during the process of inserting and removing the endoscope, if there is resistance and it cannot be pulled out, the reason should be carefully investigated. If necessary, the sheath should be pulled out together, and brute force should not be used.

　　3

　　three

　　当窥镜配合激光汽化、高频电切、微波等光电技术进行手术时，应注意窥镜前端与点的距离，保证窥镜前端不被电击或烧灼。

　　When the endoscope is used in conjunction with laser vaporization, high-frequency electric cutting, microwave and other optoelectronic technologies for surgery, attention should be paid to the distance between the front end of the endoscope and the treatment point to ensure that the front end of the endoscope is not electrocuted or burned.

　　4

　　four

　　当配合刨削器来切除病变组织时，如耳鼻喉科、骨科的临床手术中已经广泛使用，需要控制刀头的旋转部分始终在窥镜的观察范围内，在手术范围较大时，应先停止刀头转动，再移动窥镜，然后在窥镜监视下移动刀头，到合适部位后再开机刨削。

　　When using a scraper to remove diseased tissue, such as in clinical surgeries in otolaryngology and orthopedics, it is necessary to control the rotation of the blade head to always be within the observation range of the endoscope. When the surgical range is large, the rotation of the blade head should be stopped first, and then the endoscope should be moved. Under the supervision of the endoscope, the blade head should be moved to the appropriate location before turning on the scraper.

　　5

　　five

　　当内窥镜出现图像模糊、视线不清等状况时，要及时与厂家或维修机构联系，切不可继续盲目使用而造成手术事故。

　　When the endoscope shows blurry images or unclear vision, it is necessary to promptly contact the manufacturer or maintenance organization, and not continue to blindly use it, which may cause surgical accidents.

　　常见故障与维修方案

　　Common faults and maintenance solutions

　　常见故障

　　Common faults

　　1.图像情况：模糊进水，黑影，灰尘

　　1. Image condition: Blurred water, black shadows, dust

　　2.光束：发黄断丝，灼烧崩缺，亮度不够

　　2. Beam: Yellowing and broken wires, burning and chipping, insufficient brightness

　　3.镜管：弯曲，断裂，凹陷，脱落

　　3. Mirror tube: bent, broken, dented, detached

　　4.器械通道：磨损崩缺，变形

　　4. Instrument channel: wear, breakage, deformation

　　5.物镜：脱胶，磨损，脱落

　　5. Objective lens: Degummed, worn, and detached

　　6.光锥：灼烧发黑，发黄，脱落缺失

　　6. Light cone: blackened, yellowed, and missing due to burning

　　7.镜桥组件：脱落，卡口断

　　7. Mirror bridge component: detached, clip broken

　　8.目镜保护片：破裂，崩缺，脱落缺失

　　8. Eyepiece protective film: rupture, breakage, detachment or missing

　　9.目镜罩：破裂，崩缺

　　9. Eyepiece cover: ruptured, broken

　　维修方案

　　Repair plan

　　1.更换内部光学部件

　　1. Replace internal optical components

　　2.更换光束

　　2. Replace the beam

　　3.更换镜管

　　3. Replace the mirror tube

　　4.更换器械通道

　　4. Replace the instrument channel

　　5.更换物镜

　　5. Replace the objective lens

　　6.更换光锥

　　6. Replace the light cone

　　7.更换镜桥组件

　　7. Replace the mirror bridge component

　　8.更换目镜保护片

　　8. Replace the eyepiece protective film

　　9.更换目镜罩

　　9. Replace the eyepiece cover

　　本文由 内窥镜维修 友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击  http://www.jiangrenyiliao.cn   真诚的态度.为您提供为的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is a friendly contribution from endoscope repair. For more related knowledge, please click http://www.jiangrenyiliao.cn Sincere attitude. We provide you with comprehensive services. We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone. Please stay tuned

　　硬管内窥镜的维修及介绍

　　Maintenance and Introduction of Hard Tube Endoscope

　　关于硬管镜

　　Regarding the rigid tube mirror

　　硬管内窥镜，主要用于人体表浅及浅层部位自然腔道和通过穿刺开口腔道的病灶诊断和(或)，如膀胱镜、宫腔镜，在操作中不可弯曲。

　　Hard tube endoscopes are mainly used for the diagnosis and/or treatment of lesions in superficial and superficial natural cavities of the human body, as well as through puncture opening cavities, such as cystoscopy and hysteroscopy. They cannot be bent during operation.

　　发展历史

　　Development history

　　内窥镜是人类窥视自身体内器官的重要工具。古希腊名医，有着医药之父之称的希波克拉底（Hippocrates，约公元前460-前370）曾描述过一种直肠诊视器，该诊视器与我们今天所用的器械十分相似。类似的诊视器还发现于庞培遗迹（Pompeii，意大利古都，公元79年火山爆发，全城淹没），这些诊视器曾被用于窥视阴道与子宫颈，检查直肠，并用于检视耳、鼻内。当时进行这些检查时利用的是自然光线。内窥镜的真正发展还是起于近代，一般可将其发展阶段分为：硬管式窥镜、半可屈式内窥镜、纤维内窥镜、超声与电子内窥镜等阶段。硬管式内窥镜的发展经历了两个阶段：即开放式硬管内窥镜阶段与含有光学系统的硬管内窥镜阶段。

　　Endoscope is an important tool for humans to observe their internal organs. Hippocrates, the renowned physician of ancient Greece and known as the father of medicine, described a rectal sight that was very similar to the instruments we use today. Similar examination devices have also been found in the Pompeii ruins (the ancient capital of Italy, where a volcano erupted in 79 AD and the entire city was submerged). These examination devices were once used to observe the vagina and cervix, examine the rectum, and examine the ears and nose. At that time, natural light was used for these inspections. The true development of endoscopes dates back to modern times and can generally be divided into stages such as rigid tube endoscopes, semi flexible endoscopes, fiber endoscopes, ultrasound and electronic endoscopes. The development of rigid tube endoscopes has gone through two stages: the open rigid tube endoscope stage and the rigid tube endoscope stage containing an optical system.

　　基本结构与工作原理

　　Basic structure and working principle

　　硬管内窥镜主要由光学成像系统和照明系统组成：光学部分外观看是一个细长的金属管子，而里面装着一个由许多透镜组成的完整的光学系统。光学成像系统由物镜系统、转像系统、目镜系统三大系统组成。被观察物经物镜所成的倒像，通过转像系统将倒像转为正像，并传输到目镜，再由目镜放大后，为人眼所观察。如图1所示。为构成不同的视向角，需加入不同的棱镜。不同用途的内窥镜根据使用要求制作成不同的外形、外径、长度，以达到使用所需的要求。照明传输系统由光导纤维组成，将冷光源的光经过光导纤维传输到内窥镜前端，照亮被观察物。

　　A rigid tube endoscope is mainly composed of an optical imaging system and an illumination system: the optical part is a slender metal tube for external viewing, while inside it is a complete optical system composed of many lenses. The optical imaging system consists of three major systems: the objective lens system, the conversion system, and the eyepiece system. The inverted image of the observed object formed by the objective lens is converted into a positive image through a conversion system and transmitted to the eyepiece. After being magnified by the eyepiece, it is observed by the human eye. As shown in Figure 1. To form different viewing angles, different prisms need to be added. Endoscopes for different purposes are made into different shapes, outer diameters, and lengths according to usage requirements to meet the required requirements. The lighting transmission system is composed of optical fibers, which transmit the light from the cold light source to the front end of the endoscope through the optical fibers, illuminating the observed object.

　　硬式内镜分类及应用

　　Classification and application of rigid endoscopes

　　01

　　01

　　膀胱电切镜

　　Bladder electrocautery

　　膀胱电切镜多用于对膀胱内部的疾病组织进行无创手术，具有风险低、成功率高、手术简单、愈合快、率高等优点。膀胱电切镜适用于间质性膀胱炎、滤泡性膀胱炎、腺性膀胱炎、气性膀胱炎、坏疽性膀胱炎等各种膀胱炎症的。

　　Bladder electrocautery is commonly used for non-invasive surgery of diseased tissues inside the bladder, with advantages such as low risk, high success rate, simple surgery, fast healing, and high cure rate. Cystoscopy is suitable for the treatment of various bladder inflammations such as interstitial cystitis, follicular cystitis, glandular cystitis, gas cystitis, gangrenous cystitis, etc.

　　02

　　02

　　膀胱镜

　　Cystoscopy

　　膀胱镜是内窥镜的一种，外形与尿道探子相似，电镜鞘、检查窥镜、处置和输尿管插管窥镜以及镜芯四部分构成一套，并附有电灼器、剪卡器和活组织检查钳等附件。

　　Cystoscopy is a type of endoscope that resembles a urethral probe in appearance. It consists of four parts: an electron microscope sheath, an inspection scope, a treatment and ureteral catheterization scope, and a core. It is equipped with accessories such as electrocautery, clip clippers, and biopsy forceps.

　　03

　　03

　　腹腔镜

　　laparoscope

　　与电子胃镜类似，是一种带有微型摄像头的器械。腹腔镜手术与传统手术相比，具有切口小、痛苦小、恢复快等优点，深受患者的欢迎，尤其是术后瘢痕小、又符合美学要求，青年病人更乐意接受，微创手术是外科发展的总趋势和追求目标。目前，腹腔镜手术的金标准是胆囊切除术，一般地说，大部分普通外科的手术，腹腔镜手术都能完成。如阑尾切除术，胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术、疝气修补术、结肠切除术、脾切除术、肾上腺切除术，还有卵巢囊肿摘除、宫外孕、子宫切除等，随着腹腔镜技术的日益完善和腹腔镜医生操作水平的提高，几乎所有的外科手术都能采用这种手术。

　　Similar to electronic gastroscopy, it is a device with a miniature camera. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery, which is highly welcomed by patients. Especially with small postoperative scars and aesthetic requirements, young patients are more willing to accept minimally invasive surgery, which is the overall trend and pursuit goal of surgical development. At present, the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery is cholecystectomy. Generally speaking, most general surgical procedures can be performed using laparoscopic surgery. Such as appendectomy, repair of gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation, hernia repair, colectomy, splenectomy, adrenalectomy, as well as removal of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, hysterectomy, etc., with the increasing improvement of laparoscopic technology and the improvement of laparoscopic doctors' operating level, almost all surgical procedures can adopt this type of surgery.

　　04

　　04

　　宫腔镜

　　Hysteroscopy

　　宫腔镜是一项新的、微创性妇科诊疗技术，可用于诊断、和随访子宫腔内病变，其实质上是一种纤维光源内窥镜，包括宫腔镜、能源系统、光源系统、灌流系统和成像系统。

　　Hysteroscopy is a new, minimally invasive gynecological diagnostic and therapeutic technique that can be used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of intrauterine lesions. Essentially, it is a fiber optic endoscope that includes hysteroscopy, energy system, light source system, perfusion system, and imaging system.

　　05

　　05

　　关节镜

　　arthroscope

　　关节镜是一种观察关节内部结构的直径5mm左右的棒状光学器械，是用于诊治关节疾患的内窥镜。除了对多种运动损伤具有作用之外，关节镜技术在关节炎外科中也可大显身手，发挥重要的作用。关节镜技术可运用于骨性关节炎、炎症性关节、色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎、晶体性关节病，感染性关节炎和创伤性关节炎等多种关节炎的诊断和。

　　Arthroscopy is a rod-shaped optical instrument with a diameter of about 5mm used to observe the internal structure of joints, and is an endoscope used for the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases. In addition to its therapeutic effect on various sports injuries, arthroscopic technology can also play an important role in the surgical treatment of arthritis. Arthroscopy technology can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, inflammatory joints, pigmented villonodular synovitis, crystalline arthritis, infectious arthritis, and traumatic arthritis.

　　06

　　06

　　经皮肾镜

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

　　经皮肾镜技术（PCNL）是腔内泌尿外科手术的一个重要部分。

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an important part of endourological surgery.

　　07

　　07

　　前列腺汽化电切镜

　　Prostate vaporization electric resection mirror

　　前列腺汽化电切前列腺增生症被全世界定位前列腺增生的金标准。另外，汽化电切镜还用与尿道肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤的电切以及前列腺癌的姑息性切除等。

　　The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with vaporization and resection of the prostate has been recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia worldwide. In addition, vaporization electrocautery is also used for electrocautery of urethral tumors, bladder tumors, and palliative resection of prostate cancer.

　　08

　　08

　　输尿管镜

　　Ureteroscope

　　近十几年来是我国泌尿外科迅猛发展的时期，输尿管镜手术是泌尿外科领域发展快，它是高科技在泌尿外科领域的应用，属微创诊断、的手段，深受广大病人的欢迎，它具有创伤小、，使不少过去要用开放手术的病人免除手术的创伤和痛苦。

　　In the past decade, China's urology department has experienced rapid development, with ureteroscopy being the fastest growing field. It is a high-tech application in urology, a minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment method, and is highly welcomed by patients. It has the advantages of minimal trauma and safety, allowing many patients who used to undergo open surgery to avoid the trauma and pain of surgery.

　　维护保养与注意事项

　　Maintenance and Precautions

　　随着使用硬管内窥镜的范围扩大，各科医生使用硬管内窥镜频率越来越高。硬管内窥镜是比较娇贵的医疗器械，但是只要能够正确的使用和维护，就可以避免损坏。

　　With the expansion of the scope of using rigid endoscopes, doctors from various departments are using them more frequently. Hard tube endoscope is a relatively delicate medical device, but as long as it can be used and maintained correctly, damage can be avoided.

　　维护保养

　　Maintenance and upkeep

　　1

　　one

　　硬管内窥镜使用完后应冲洗干净，把水渍凉干，镜头前端有污渍时应用镜头纸、棉签或细纱布轻轻擦拭。

　　After using the hard tube endoscope, it should be rinsed clean and the water stains should be dried. If there are stains on the front end of the lens, lens paper, cotton swabs, or fine gauze should be gently wiped.

　　2

　　two

　　硬管内窥镜应有专人专柜保管，放在专用的包装箱内，内衬柔软的海绵或聚氨酯泡沫。

　　The rigid tube endoscope shall be kept in a special cabinet by a specially assigned person, placed in a special packing box, and lined with soft sponge or polyurethane foam.

　　3

　　three

　　所有硬管内窥镜和手术器械都要码放整齐，不得交叉重叠放置，确保箱盖盖好后，内部的窥镜和器械不会在搬运时相互撞击。

　　All rigid endoscopes and surgical instruments must be neatly stacked, without overlapping or crossing, to ensure that after the box cover is closed, the internal endoscopes and instruments will not collide with each other during transportation.

　　4

　　four

　　取出或放入硬管内窥镜时，应双手平托，轻拿轻放。由于内窥镜的镜管很薄，受到挤压、磕碰、折弯、落地等情况就会弯曲变形，导致镜片破损或光轴偏移而造成图像不清楚或不能使用，所以从包装箱中取出或放入硬管内窥镜时，应双手平托轻轻地取出或放入，切忌提起一段拽出。

　　When removing or placing a rigid tube endoscope, it should be held flat with both hands and handled gently. Due to the thin tube of the endoscope, it may bend and deform when subjected to compression, collision, bending, landing, etc., resulting in lens damage or optical axis deviation, causing unclear or unusable images. Therefore, when taking out or placing a hard tube endoscope from the packaging box, it should be gently taken out or placed with both hands flat, and avoid lifting and pulling it out.

　　5

　　five

　　硬管内窥镜放在托盘等硬质容器内移动时，注意与其他器械分开放置，不要过分颠簸，以免碰撞到窥镜。

　　When moving the rigid endoscope in a tray or other hard container, be careful to separate it from other instruments and avoid excessive shaking to avoid colliding with the endoscope.

　　6

　　six

　　包装箱内应备有干燥剂保持箱内干燥。

　　There should be a desiccant inside the packaging box to keep it dry.

　　7

　　seven

　　有些硬管内窥镜不耐高温高压，这主要是因为其镜端封装用的环氧树脂胶在高温高压下会开胶而造成镜管内进水，光学系统进水后就会产生视野模糊，所以这类内窥镜不能用煮沸和高压蒸汽等高温高压的方法。

　　Some hard tube endoscopes are not resistant to high temperature and high pressure, mainly because the epoxy resin adhesive used for the sealing of the endoscope end will open under high temperature and high pressure, causing water to enter the endoscope tube. After the optical system enters the water, the field of view will be blurred. Therefore, these endoscopes cannot be disinfected by high-temperature and high-pressure methods such as boiling and high-pressure steam.

　　注意事项

　　matters needing attention

　　1

　　one

　　在使用其他器械时，尤其是咬合力较大的钳、剪类器械应注意镜管的前端不要伸进器械的咬合区内，以免误伤镜管。

　　When using other instruments, especially pliers and scissors with high biting force, attention should be paid to not inserting the front end of the mirror tube into the bite area of the instrument to avoid accidental injury to the mirror tube.

　　2

　　two

　　有些手术窥镜是在鞘管内使用，在更换其他角度窥镜或插拔器械时，应注意动作要轻，不可用力过猛。尤其是插拔窥镜过程中，当遇到阻力拔不动时应仔细查找原因，必要时应连同鞘管一起拔取，不要用蛮力。

　　Some surgical endoscopes are used inside the sheath. When replacing other angle endoscopes or inserting or removing instruments, attention should be paid to moving gently and not applying too much force. Especially during the process of inserting and removing the endoscope, if there is resistance and it cannot be pulled out, the reason should be carefully investigated. If necessary, the sheath should be pulled out together, and brute force should not be used.

　　3

　　three

　　当窥镜配合激光汽化、高频电切、微波等光电技术进行手术时，应注意窥镜前端与点的距离，保证窥镜前端不被电击或烧灼。

　　When the endoscope is used in conjunction with laser vaporization, high-frequency electric cutting, microwave and other optoelectronic technologies for surgery, attention should be paid to the distance between the front end of the endoscope and the treatment point to ensure that the front end of the endoscope is not electrocuted or burned.

　　4

　　four

　　当配合刨削器来切除病变组织时，如耳鼻喉科、骨科的临床手术中已经广泛使用，需要控制刀头的旋转部分始终在窥镜的观察范围内，在手术范围较大时，应先停止刀头转动，再移动窥镜，然后在窥镜监视下移动刀头，到合适部位后再开机刨削。

　　When using a scraper to remove diseased tissue, such as in clinical surgeries in otolaryngology and orthopedics, it is necessary to control the rotation of the blade head to always be within the observation range of the endoscope. When the surgical range is large, the rotation of the blade head should be stopped first, and then the endoscope should be moved. Under the supervision of the endoscope, the blade head should be moved to the appropriate location before turning on the scraper.

　　5

　　five

　　当内窥镜出现图像模糊、视线不清等状况时，要及时与厂家或维修机构联系，切不可继续盲目使用而造成手术事故。

　　When the endoscope shows blurry images or unclear vision, it is necessary to promptly contact the manufacturer or maintenance organization, and not continue to blindly use it, which may cause surgical accidents.

　　常见故障与维修方案

　　Common faults and maintenance solutions

　　常见故障

　　Common faults

　　1.图像情况：模糊进水，黑影，灰尘

　　1. Image condition: Blurred water, black shadows, dust

　　2.光束：发黄断丝，灼烧崩缺，亮度不够

　　2. Beam: Yellowing and broken wires, burning and chipping, insufficient brightness

　　3.镜管：弯曲，断裂，凹陷，脱落

　　3. Mirror tube: bent, broken, dented, detached

　　4.器械通道：磨损崩缺，变形

　　4. Instrument channel: wear, breakage, deformation

　　5.物镜：脱胶，磨损，脱落

　　5. Objective lens: Degummed, worn, and detached

　　6.光锥：灼烧发黑，发黄，脱落缺失

　　6. Light cone: blackened, yellowed, and missing due to burning

　　7.镜桥组件：脱落，卡口断

　　7. Mirror bridge component: detached, clip broken

　　8.目镜保护片：破裂，崩缺，脱落缺失

　　8. Eyepiece protective film: rupture, breakage, detachment or missing

　　9.目镜罩：破裂，崩缺

　　9. Eyepiece cover: ruptured, broken

　　维修方案

　　Repair plan

　　1.更换内部光学部件

　　1. Replace internal optical components

　　2.更换光束

　　2. Replace the beam

　　3.更换镜管

　　3. Replace the mirror tube

　　4.更换器械通道

　　4. Replace the instrument channel

　　5.更换物镜

　　5. Replace the objective lens

　　6.更换光锥

　　6. Replace the light cone

　　7.更换镜桥组件

　　7. Replace the mirror bridge component

　　8.更换目镜保护片

　　8. Replace the eyepiece protective film

　　9.更换目镜罩

　　9. Replace the eyepiece cover

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