内窥镜构造精密复杂，不同类型虽有差异，但基本结构相似。以硬管内窥镜为例，镜管是细长主体，需具备良好韧性与强度，以深入人体不同部位；光学系统含目镜、物镜与中继透镜，负责光线传导与图像成像，确保清晰观察；照明系统通过光纤将外部光源引入体内，提供充足照明；镜体则集成各部件，保证整体稳定性与密封性。​

Endoscopes have precise and complex structures, and although there are differences among different types, their basic structures are similar. Taking a rigid endoscope as an example, the endoscope tube is a slender body that requires good toughness and strength to penetrate different parts of the human body; The optical system includes an eyepiece, objective lens, and relay lens, responsible for light conduction and image imaging to ensure clear observation; The lighting system introduces external light sources into the body through optical fibers, providing sufficient illumination; The mirror body integrates various components to ensure overall stability and sealing. ​

常见故障涵盖多个方面。光学系统故障频发，如镜片磨损、划伤、脱胶，会使图像模糊、变形甚至无法成像。在硬管镜频繁使用中，物镜易受碰撞致镜片损坏，影响成像质量。照明故障表现为光线变暗、不均或完全不亮，可能因光源灯泡老化、照明光纤折断或接头松动。长期使用中，照明光纤弯折易断丝，导致导光性能下降。机械故障包括镜体变形、弯曲，影响插入顺畅度与操作灵活性；关节活动部件磨损、卡顿，使器械无法正常开合、转动，像腹腔镜器械频繁操作易致关节部件磨损。电气故障在内窥镜摄像系统中常见，如摄像头图像传输异常、主机死机、软件报错等，多因电路短路、断路或电子元件老化损坏。

Common faults cover multiple aspects. Frequent optical system failures, such as lens wear, scratches, and detachment, can cause blurry, distorted, or even impossible imaging of the image. In frequent use of rigid tube mirrors, the objective lens is prone to collision and damage, which affects the imaging quality. Lighting faults may manifest as dim, uneven, or completely unlit light, possibly due to aging light bulbs, broken lighting fibers, or loose connectors. In long-term use, the bending and breakage of lighting optical fibers can lead to a decrease in light guiding performance. Mechanical failures include deformation and bending of the mirror body, which affects the smoothness of insertion and operational flexibility; Wear and jamming of joint moving parts can prevent instruments from opening, closing, and rotating properly, such as frequent operation of laparoscopic instruments, which can easily cause joint component wear. Electrical faults are common in endoscopic camera systems, such as abnormal camera image transmission, host crashes, software errors, etc., often caused by circuit short circuits, open circuits, or aging and damage to electronic components.

内窥镜维修需遵循严谨规范流程。故障诊断是关键起始环节，维修人员运用专业知识与丰富经验，结合故障现象与设备原理深入排查。先用外观检查，查看镜管有无弯曲、破损，接头是否松动，光学部件有无明显损伤。再借助专业检测设备，如光学检测仪评估光学性能，电气测试仪检查电路参数。对于复杂故障，还需拆解设备，进一步检查内部结构与部件。例如，维修胃镜时，若图像有黑斑，先检查镜头是否脏污，再用光学检测仪分析镜片是否有缺陷，必要时拆解镜身查看内部光纤与电路。​

Endoscope maintenance must follow rigorous and standardized procedures. Fault diagnosis is a key starting point, and maintenance personnel use professional knowledge and rich experience to conduct in-depth investigations based on fault phenomena and equipment principles. First, conduct a visual inspection to check if the mirror tube is bent or damaged, if the joints are loose, and if there is any obvious damage to the optical components. With the help of professional testing equipment, such as optical detectors to evaluate optical performance and electrical testers to check circuit parameters. For complex faults, it is necessary to disassemble the equipment and further inspect the internal structure and components. For example, when repairing a gastroscope, if there are black spots in the image, first check whether the lens is dirty, then use an optical detector to analyze whether the lens has defects, and if necessary, disassemble the mirror body to inspect the internal optical fibers and circuits. ​

确定故障后进入维修环节。光学系统维修需高超技术与精密设备，镜片更换时，要选择适配型号，严格按工艺要求操作，确保安装精度与光学性能恢复。照明系统维修若为光纤折断，需精细焊接或更换光纤束，保证导光效果。机械部件维修，镜体变形可通过专用工具校正，磨损部件则依情况维修或更换。电气故障维修需专业电子技术，维修人员检测电路、更换损坏元件，并对软件进行升级、调试。维修腹腔镜时，若关节卡顿，需拆解清洗、润滑关节，必要时更换磨损关节部件。

After identifying the fault, proceed to the maintenance phase. Optical system maintenance requires advanced technology and precision equipment. When replacing lenses, it is necessary to choose the appropriate model and strictly follow the process requirements to ensure installation accuracy and optical performance recovery. If the maintenance of the lighting system involves fiber breakage, it is necessary to finely weld or replace the fiber bundle to ensure the light guiding effect. Mechanical component maintenance, mirror deformation can be corrected by specialized tools, and worn parts can be repaired or replaced according to the situation. Electrical fault repair requires professional electronic technology. Maintenance personnel inspect circuits, replace damaged components, and upgrade and debug software. When repairing a laparoscope, if the joint becomes stuck, it is necessary to disassemble, clean, lubricate the joint, and replace worn joint components if necessary.

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