基本结构与工作原理

　　Basic structure and working principle

　　硬管内窥镜主要由光学成像系统和照明系统组成：光学部分外观看是一个细长的金属管子，而里面装着一个由许多透镜组成的完整的光学系统。光学成像系统由物镜系统、转像系统、目镜系统三大系统组成。被观察物经物镜所成的倒像，通过转像系统将倒像转为正像，并传输到目镜，再由目镜放大后，为人眼所观察。如图1所示。为构成不同的视向角，需加入不同的棱镜。不同用途的内窥镜根据使用要求制作成不同的外形、外径、长度，以达到使用所需的要求。照明传输系统由光导纤维组成，将冷光源的光经过光导纤维传输到内窥镜前端，照亮被观察物。

　　A rigid tube endoscope is mainly composed of an optical imaging system and an illumination system: the optical part is a slender metal tube for external viewing, while inside it is a complete optical system composed of many lenses. The optical imaging system consists of three major systems: the objective lens system, the conversion system, and the eyepiece system. The inverted image of the observed object formed by the objective lens is converted into a positive image through a conversion system and transmitted to the eyepiece. After being magnified by the eyepiece, it is observed by the human eye. As shown in Figure 1. To form different viewing angles, different prisms need to be added. Endoscopes for different purposes are made into different shapes, outer diameters, and lengths according to usage requirements to meet the required requirements. The lighting transmission system is composed of optical fibers, which transmit the light from the cold light source to the front end of the endoscope through the optical fibers, illuminating the observed object.

　　硬式内镜分类及应用

　　Classification and application of rigid endoscopes

　　膀胱电切镜多用于对膀胱内部的疾病组织进行无创手术，具有风险低、成功率高、手术简单、愈合快、治愈率高等优点。膀胱电切镜适用于间质性膀胱炎、滤泡性膀胱炎、腺性膀胱炎、气性膀胱炎、坏疽性膀胱炎等各种膀胱炎症的治疗。

　　Bladder electrocautery is commonly used for non-invasive surgery of diseased tissues inside the bladder, with advantages such as low risk, high success rate, simple surgery, fast healing, and high cure rate. Cystoscopy is suitable for the treatment of various bladder inflammations such as interstitial cystitis, follicular cystitis, glandular cystitis, gas cystitis, gangrenous cystitis, etc.

　　膀胱镜是内窥镜的一种，外形与尿道探子相似，电镜鞘、检查窥镜、处置和输尿管插管窥镜以及镜芯四部分构成一套，并附有电灼器、剪卡器和活组织检查钳等附件。

　　Cystoscopy is a type of endoscope that resembles a urethral probe in appearance. It consists of four parts: an electron microscope sheath, an inspection scope, a treatment and ureteral catheterization scope, and a core. It is equipped with accessories such as electrocautery, clip clippers, and biopsy forceps.

　　与电子胃镜类似，是一种带有微型摄像头的器械。腹腔镜手术与传统手术相比，具有切口小、痛苦小、恢复快等优点，深受患者的欢迎，尤其是术后瘢痕小、又符合美学要求，青年病人更乐意接受，微创手术是外科发展的总趋势和追求目标。目前，腹腔镜手术的金标准是胆囊切除术，一般地说，大部分普通外科的手术，腹腔镜手术都能完成。如阑尾切除术，胃、十二指肠溃疡穿孔修补术、疝气修补术、结肠切除术、脾切除术、肾上腺切除术，还有卵巢囊肿摘除、宫外孕、子宫切除等，随着腹腔镜技术的日益完善和腹腔镜医生操作水平的提高，几乎所有的外科手术都能采用这种手术。

　　Similar to electronic gastroscopy, it is a device with a miniature camera. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery, which is highly welcomed by patients. Especially with small postoperative scars and aesthetic requirements, young patients are more willing to accept minimally invasive surgery, which is the overall trend and pursuit goal of surgical development. At present, the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery is cholecystectomy. Generally speaking, most general surgical procedures can be performed using laparoscopic surgery. Such as appendectomy, repair of gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation, hernia repair, colectomy, splenectomy, adrenalectomy, as well as removal of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, hysterectomy, etc., with the increasing improvement of laparoscopic technology and the improvement of laparoscopic doctors' operating level, almost all surgical procedures can adopt this type of surgery.

　　宫腔镜是一项新的、微创性妇科诊疗技术，可用于诊断、治疗和随访子宫腔内病变，其实质上是一种纤维光源内窥镜，包括宫腔镜、能源系统、光源系统、灌流系统和成像系统

　　Hysteroscopy is a new, minimally invasive gynecological diagnostic and therapeutic technique that can be used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of intrauterine lesions. Essentially, it is a fiber optic endoscope that includes hysteroscopy, energy system, light source system, perfusion system, and imaging system

　　关节镜是一种观察关节内部结构的直径5mm左右的棒状光学器械，是用于诊治关节疾患的内窥镜。除了对多种运动损伤具有治疗作用之外，关节镜技术在关节炎外科治疗中也可大显身手，发挥重要的作用。关节镜技术可运用于骨性关节炎、炎症性关节、色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎、晶体性关节病，感染性关节炎和创伤性关节炎等多种关节炎的诊断和治疗。

　　Arthroscopy is a rod-shaped optical instrument with a diameter of about 5mm used to observe the internal structure of joints, and is an endoscope used for the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases. In addition to its therapeutic effect on various sports injuries, arthroscopic technology can also play an important role in the surgical treatment of arthritis. Arthroscopy technology can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, inflammatory joints, pigmented villonodular synovitis, crystalline arthritis, infectious arthritis, and traumatic arthritis.

　　经皮肾镜技术（PCNL）是腔内泌尿外科手术的一个重要部分。

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an important part of endourological surgery.

　　前列腺汽化电切治疗前列腺增生症被全世界定位前列腺增生治疗的金标准。另外，汽化电切镜还用与尿道肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤的电切以及前列腺癌的姑息性切除治疗等。

　　The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with vaporization and resection of the prostate has been recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia worldwide. In addition, vaporization electrocautery is also used for electrocautery of urethral tumors, bladder tumors, and palliative resection of prostate cancer.

　　近十几年来是我国泌尿外科迅猛发展的时期，输尿管镜手术是泌尿外科领域发展最快，它是高科技在泌尿外科领域的应用，属微创诊断、治疗的手段，深受广大病人的欢迎，它具有创伤小、安全，使不少过去要用开放手术的病人免除手术的创伤和痛苦。

　　In the past decade, China's urology department has experienced rapid development, with ureteroscopy being the fastest growing field. It is a high-tech application in the field of urology, a minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment method, and is highly welcomed by patients. It has the advantages of minimal trauma and safety, allowing many patients who used to undergo open surgery to avoid the trauma and pain of surgery.

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