与传统手术相比，微创手术具有创伤小、恢复性快、降低患者痛苦等优势。而内窥镜微创医疗器械作为医生的“眼睛”能够有效地帮助医生“看清“病灶。随着微创手术技术在全球范围内的普及，内窥镜也进入快速发展时期。据Markets and Markets报告显示，2019年全球内窥镜的市场容量约为256亿美金，将以6.6%的复合年增长率增长，到2024年将达到352亿美金。而传统内窥镜的交叉感染问题又该如何解决呢？

　　Compared with traditional surgery, minimally invasive surgery has advantages such as minimal trauma, fast recovery, and reduced patient pain. Endoscopic minimally invasive medical devices, as the "eyes" of doctors, can effectively help them "see" lesions clearly. With the popularization of minimally invasive surgical technology worldwide, endoscopes have also entered a period of rapid development. According to the Markets and Markets report, the global market capacity of endoscopes was about 25.6 billion US dollars in 2019, which will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 6.6% and reach 35.2 billion US dollars by 2024. And how to solve the problem of cross infection in traditional endoscopes?

　　一、内窥镜历史

　　1、 History of Endoscopy

　　医学内镜即内窥镜至今已有 200 多年历史，其发展经历了四个阶段：硬式内窥镜、半可屈式内窥镜、纤维内窥镜和电子内窥镜。1806年德国法兰克福BOZZini制造的以蜡烛为光源的膀胱与直肠内部器械，这是硬式内窥镜最初的雏形。1932年Schindler与Wolf合作研制成功真正意义上的半可屈式内窥镜，开辟了胃镜检查的新纪元。为了更好的解决内窥镜照明效果差、图像色彩扭曲的缺点，1957年Hirschowitz及其研发团队研制出了世界上第一个检查胃、十二指肠的光导纤维内窥镜。

　　Medical endoscopy, also known as endoscopy, has a history of over 200 years and has gone through four stages of development: rigid endoscope, semi flexible endoscope, fiber endoscope, and electronic endoscope. In 1806, Bozzini in Frankfurt, Germany, manufactured a bladder and rectal endoscope with candles as the light source, which was the initial prototype of a rigid endoscope. In 1932, Schindler and Wolf collaborated to develop a truly semi flexible endoscope, ushering in a new era of gastroscopy examination. In order to better address the shortcomings of poor illumination and distorted image colors in endoscopes, Hirschowitz and his research team developed the world's first fiber-optic endoscope for examining the stomach and duodenum in 1957.

　　1983年，美国Welch Allyn公司成功研制出CCD微型图像传感器代替了内镜的光导纤维导像术，第一台电子内镜诞生。经历了四个阶段的发展，内镜技术不断得到了更新，这也为微创手术的普及成为了可能，而微创手术的繁荣也丰富了内镜的种类。随着微创手术的繁荣发展，新型的内镜产品仍在不断的推陈出新。?二、内窥镜分类

　　In 1983, Welch Allyn, an American company, successfully developed a CCD miniature image sensor to replace the optical fiber guidance of endoscopy, and the first electronic endoscope was born. After four stages of development, endoscopic technology has been continuously updated, which has made it possible for the popularization of minimally invasive surgery. The prosperity of minimally invasive surgery has also enriched the types of endoscopes. With the flourishing development of minimally invasive surgery, new endoscopic products are still constantly being introduced.? 2、 Classification of endoscopes

　　内窥镜在临床中被广泛应用于不同科室和不同疾病治疗。主要分为软管式内窥镜(简称软镜)和硬管式内窥镜(简称硬镜)，软镜主要是胃镜、肠镜、喉镜、纤维支气管镜等；硬镜包括腹腔镜、胸腔镜、输尿管镜、膀胱镜、关节镜、宫腔镜等。

　　Endoscopy is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of different departments and diseases. It is mainly divided into flexible tube endoscopes (referred to as soft endoscopes) and rigid tube endoscopes (referred to as hard endoscopes). Soft endoscopes mainly include gastroscopes, colonoscopes, laryngoscopes, fiberoptic bronchoscopes, etc; Hard endoscopes include laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, ureteroscopy, cystoscopy, arthroscopy, hysteroscopy, etc.

　　1、硬镜

　　1. Hard Mirror

　　硬镜可以分为腹腔镜、胸腔镜、宫腔镜等类别。各类型硬镜与配套设备搭配使用完成各种类型疾病的诊断和治疗。硬镜的主要配套设备有摄像系统主机，摄像头，冷光源，监视器，台车等。硬镜主要进入人体无菌组织、器官或者经外科切口进入人体无菌腔室，如腹腔镜、胸腔镜、关节镜、椎间盘镜、脑室镜等。硬镜为棱镜光学系统，最大优点是成像清晰，可配多个工作通道，选取多个视角。

　　Hard endoscopes can be divided into categories such as laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, hysteroscopy, etc. Various types of hard lenses are used in conjunction with supporting equipment to diagnose and treat various types of diseases. The main supporting equipment for hard mirrors includes a camera system host, a camera, a cold light source, a monitor, a trolley, etc. Hard endoscopes mainly enter sterile tissues and organs of the human body or enter sterile chambers through surgical incisions, such as laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, arthroscopy, discoscopy, ventriculoscopy, etc. The hard mirror is a prism optical system, with the greatest advantage of clear imaging. It can be equipped with multiple working channels and select multiple viewing angles.

　　2、软镜

　　What? 2. Soft mirror

　　软镜主要通过人体的自然腔道来完成检查、诊断和治疗，如胃镜、肠镜、喉镜、支气管镜等主要通过人体的消化道、呼吸道及泌尿道进入人体。软镜的光学系统为光导纤维光学系统，此光纤内窥镜最大特点是镜头部分可被术者操纵改变方向，扩大应用的范围，但成像效果不如硬质镜效果好。软镜现已应用在消化内科、呼吸内科、耳鼻喉科、泌尿外科、肛肠科、胸腔外科、妇科等多个科室，从简单的疾病筛查到复杂的贲门失弛缓症的治疗，带给患者诊治及时准确、风险性低、手术创伤小和术后恢复快等益处。

　　Soft endoscopy mainly completes examination, diagnosis, and treatment through the natural cavity of the human body, such as gastroscopy, colonoscopy, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc. It mainly enters the human body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. The optical system of the soft endoscope is an optical fiber optic system. The biggest feature of this fiber optic endoscope is that the lens part can be manipulated by the surgeon to change direction, expanding the range of applications. However, the imaging effect is not as good as that of the hard endoscope. Soft endoscopy has been applied in multiple departments such as gastroenterology, respiratory medicine, otolaryngology, urology, proctology, thoracic surgery, gynecology, etc. It provides patients with timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, low risk, minimal surgical trauma, and fast postoperative recovery, from simple disease screening to complex treatment of achalasia.

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