Medical endoscope is a testing instrument integrating traditional optics, ergonomics, precision machinery, modern electronics, mathematics and software. It is mainly composed of image sensors, optical lenses, light source lighting, mechanical devices and other components. It can enter the body through the natural cavity or small Surgical incision of the human body. With the endoscope, you can see the lesions that cannot be displayed by X-ray, and doctors can formulate the best treatment plan accordingly. According to the survey data, medical endoscopes are mainly divided into the following two categories:

硬管式内窥镜：不可弯曲，经过外科切口进入人体无菌组织、器官、无菌腔室，主要包括腹腔镜、胸腔镜、关节镜等，硬管式内窥镜可分为白光硬镜和荧光硬镜。

Hard tube endoscope: It can not be bent and can enter into sterile tissues, organs and sterile chambers of human body through surgical incision, mainly including laparoscope, Thoracoscopy, Arthroscopy, etc. Hard tube endoscope can be divided into white light hard endoscope and fluorescent hard endoscope.

软管式内窥镜：可以自由弯曲，通过人体自然腔道进入体内，镜体较长同时具有一定柔性，光电信号传输距离较远，镜体插入部直径较小且功能集成复杂，对设计工艺及制造技术的要求更高，具有较高的技术壁垒，主要包括胃镜、肠镜、支气管镜等。

Flexible tube endoscope: It can freely bend and enter the body through the natural lumen of the human body. The mirror body is long and has a certain degree of flexibility, and the photoelectric signal transmission distance is long. The diameter of the insertion part of the mirror body is small and the functional integration is complex. It has higher requirements for design process and manufacturing technology, and has high technical barriers, mainly including gastroscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.

医用内窥镜主要由三大系统组成，分别为窥镜系统、图像显示系统、照明系统。以目前较为常用的电子内窥镜为例，镜体伸入患者体内，镜体内部并列多个管道，包括照明光纤、传像光纤、传气通道、传水通道、器械通道等，行行查数据显示，内窥镜精密度极高，需要多个专业领域相互配合。

Medical endoscopes are mainly composed of three major systems, namely the endoscope system, image display system, and lighting system. Taking the commonly used electronic endoscope as an example, the body of the endoscope extends into the patient's body, and multiple pipelines are parallel inside the mirror body, including lighting fiber, image fiber, gas channel, water channel, instrument channel, etc. The inspection data shows that the precision of the endoscope is extremely high, requiring cooperation from multiple professional fields.

窥镜系统：主要包括手柄和镜体。镜体主要由物镜、传像元件、目镜、照明元件及辅助元件等组成。

Camera system: mainly including handle and mirror body. The mirror body is mainly composed of objective lenses, image transmission components, eyepieces, lighting components, and auxiliary components.

图像显示系统：早期内窥镜或硬管式内窥镜采用直视，而现在的电子内窥镜通常由CCD/CMOS光电传感器、显示器、计算机和图像处理器组成。

Image display system: Early endoscopes or rigid tube endoscopes used direct vision, while modern electronic endoscopes typically consist of CCD/CMOS photoelectric sensors, displays, computers, and image processors.