内窥镜由镜管(或插入管)、镜片(或传像束)、照明光纤、镜体(或镜身)等部分组成。
An endoscope is composed of a tube (or insertion tube), a lens (or image beam), an illumination fiber, a mirror body (or body), and other parts.
内窥镜是用来观察人体内部体腔的，通过它能直接观察到内腔器官的组成形态。现在内窥镜已成为医疗诊断和微创手术必不可缺的可靠工
Endoscopy is used to observe the internal body cavity of the human body, through which the composition and morphology of internal organs can be directly observed. Endoscopy has become an indispensable and reliable tool for medical diagnosis and minimally invasive surgery
具。
With.
硬管内窥镜虽然品种繁多,但基本结构是一致的,内部的光学系统是由一系列透镜组成，其作用是把观察到的物体通过光学系统成像在观察者
Although there are various types of hard tube endoscopes, their basic structure is consistent. The internal optical system is composed of a series of lenses, whose function is to image the observed object to the observer through the optical system
的视网膜上。
On the retina.
硬管内窥镜的光学系统通常由物镜(含棱镜)、棒镜、目镜三部分组成。
The optical system of a rigid tube endoscope usually consists of three parts: an objective lens (including a prism), a rod lens, and an eyepiece.
物镜系统:
Objective lens system:
物镜通常是由2~4片镜片(胶合镜片)组合而成。物镜的主要作用是把物体成像到镜头前。如果视向角不是0°(直视式)的话，如斜视、侧
Objective lenses are usually composed of 2-4 lenses (glued lenses). The main function of an objective lens is to image an object in front of the lens. If the viewing angle is not 0 ° (direct view), such as squint, lateral view
视式内窥镜，需要在物镜组内放置转像的棱镜。
A visual endoscope requires the placement of a prism for image transformation within the objective lens group.
柱透镜:
Column lens:
由多组同样尺寸的转像透镜组成。棒镜的主要作用是把物镜上成的像传输到光闹位置。根据内窥镜的工作长度不同,棒镜有1、3、5、7组转
Composed of multiple sets of identical sized image conversion lenses. The main function of a rod mirror is to transmit the image formed on the objective lens to the light source position. According to the working length of the endoscope, there are 1, 3, 5, and 7 sets of rotating rods
像透镜组成，通常转像系统棒镜的数量为奇数。
Composed of lenses, the number of rod mirrors in the image conversion system is usually odd.
目系统:
Target system:
目镜位于内窥镜后方镜体内。目镜的主要作用是把光闹位置成的像放大，目镜的放大倍数一般在15~30之间。放大倍数不能过大，否则物像
The eyepiece is located inside the square mirror behind the endoscope. The main function of an eyepiece is to magnify the image formed by the light source, and the magnification of the eyepiece is generally between 15 and 30. The magnification should not be too large, otherwise the object image
将无法看清。
Will not be able to see clearly.
在硬管内窥镜插入管部分，又外管、内管和照明光纤组成。照明光纤位于内管和外管之间，作用是照亮整个视场范围。
The insertion part of the hard tube endoscope is composed of an outer tube, an inner tube, and an illumination fiber. The lighting fiber is located between the inner tube and the outer tube to illuminate the entire field of view.
硬管内窥的内部结构
Internal structure of hard tube endoscopy
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