内窥镜的历史经历了从硬性光学内窥镜到光导纤维内窥镜再到电子内窥镜的过程。随着半导体和计算机技术的飞速发展，1983年美国人(雅能weIch Allyn公司)首先发明了电子内窥镜并应用于临床，被认为是内窥镜发展史上的第三个里程碑。随后日本的奥林巴斯、富士潘太克斯等公司也相继开发了各具特色的电子内镜。

The history of endoscopes has gone through a process from rigid optical endoscopes to fiber optic endoscopes and then to electronic endoscopes. With the rapid development of semiconductor and computer technology, in 1983, Americans (Ya Neng weIch Allyn company) first invented electronic endoscopes and applied them in clinical practice, which is considered the third milestone in the history of endoscopic development. Subsequently, Japanese companies such as Olympus and Fuji Pantex also developed their own unique electronic endoscopes.

电子内窥镜不是通过光学镜头或光导纤维传导图像，而是通过装在内窥镜先端被称为“微型摄像机”的光电耦合元件CCD将光能转变为电能，再经过图像处理器“重建”高清晰度的、色彩逼真的图像显示在监视器屏幕上。

Electronic endoscopes do not transmit images through optical lenses or optical fibers, but instead convert light energy into electrical energy through the optoelectronic coupling element CCD, which is called a "micro camera" at the tip of the endoscope. After that, the image processor "reconstructs" a high-definition, color realistic image displayed on the monitor screen.

1.基本组成结构

1. Basic composition and structure

电子内窥镜的主要结构由CCD耦合腔镜、腔内冷光照明系统、视频处理系统、和显示打印系统等部分组成。CCD耦合腔镜将CCD耦合器件置于腔镜先端，直接对腔内组织或部位进行直接摄像，经电缆传输信号到图像中心。

The main structure of an electronic endoscope consists of a CCD coupled cavity, an intracavity cold light illumination system, a video processing system, and a display printing system. The CCD coupled cavity mirror places the CCD coupler at the front end of the cavity mirror, directly capturing the tissue or part inside the cavity, and transmitting the signal to the image center through a cable.

2.工作原理

2. Working principle

电子内窥镜工作原理是冷光源对所检查或手术部位照明后物镜将被测物体成像在CCD光敏面上，CCD将光信号转换成电信号，由电缆传输至视频处理器，经处理还原后显示在监视器上。CCD光敏面由规律排列的二极管组成，每一个二极管称为一个像素(picture elemont)，像素的多寡决定像质的优劣。目前的制作工艺普遍可达到30～41万像素。电子内窥镜靶面和有效尺寸为Fi(外径)=2mm左右，而且CCD输出信号的一级放大电路也要包含在2mm的圆柱体积内。电子内窥镜像质的好坏主要取决于CCD性能，其次还有驱动电路和后处理系统的技术指标，包括分辨率、灵敏度、信躁、光谱响应、暗电流、动态范围和图像滞后等。

The working principle of electronic endoscopes is that after a cold light source illuminates the inspected or surgical site, the objective lens will image the measured object on the CCD photosensitive surface. The CCD will convert the light signal into an electrical signal, which is transmitted to the video processor by cable. After processing and restoration, it will be displayed on the monitor. The CCD photosensitive surface is composed of regularly arranged diodes, each of which is called a picture element, and the number of pixels determines the quality of the image. The current production process can generally reach 300000 to 410000 pixels. The target surface and effective size of the electronic endoscope are about Fi (outer diameter)=2mm, and the primary amplification circuit of the CCD output signal should also be included in a cylindrical volume of 2mm. The quality of the electronic endoscope image mainly depends on the CCD performance, followed by the technical indicators of the driving circuit and post-processing system, including resolution, sensitivity, signal-to-noise, spectral response, dark current, dynamic range, and image lag.

CCD的安装有几种方式，当设计由CCD代替纤镜中的光纤传像束时，形成电子内窥镜先端部安装CCD的第一种方法，即CCD的受光面垂直于物镜光轴方向，是简单的结构，在这种情况下，必须使用超小型的CCD，这样可使先端的硬性部较短。

There are several ways to install CCD. When designing to replace the fiber optic image beam in the fiber optic mirror with CCD, the first method to install CCD at the front end of the electronic endoscope is to have the light receiving surface of the CCD perpendicular to the optical axis direction of the objective lens, which is a simple structure. In this case, ultra small CCD must be used to make the hard part of the front end shorter.

第二种是CCD的受光面平行于物镜光轴，物镜射来的光通过一个90°的转向棱镜照射到CCD的受光面上。此结构的电子内窥镜的像素数可提高的空间较大，目前逐渐趋向于采用此安装方法。

The second type is that the light receiving surface of the CCD is parallel to the optical axis of the objective lens, and the light emitted from the objective lens is illuminated onto the light receiving surface of the CCD through a 90 ° turning prism. The pixel count of electronic endoscopes with this structure can be increased significantly, and this installation method is gradually being adopted.

3.视频处理器及显示打印系统

3. Video processor and display printing system

视频处理器的作用是将电子内窥镜CCD提供的模拟信号转换为二进制代码的数字信号，并可以用多种方式记录和保存图像，如：用录像机录制的方式保存清晰的动态图像；用35mm照相机在监视器图像“冻结”的状态下拍摄保存静止图像；用激光光盘记录动态或静止的图像；用软盘记录静止图像，等等。此外，电子内窥镜系统还可以与电子计算机相连，将患者的姓名、性别、年龄、主要症状、诊断结果等临床资料与所记录的各种图像存入计算机，通过编辑，可以打印检查报告，也便于患者随访和病历统计研究以及远程会诊和教学等。这种所谓的“图文工作站”可以与医院各科室的患者和图像资料工作站连网，实现医院的计算机管理。目前，电子内窥镜图文系统已广泛应用于各大医院，受到医生和患者的欢迎和好评。

The function of a video processor is to convert the analog signal provided by the electronic endoscope CCD into a binary code digital signal, and can record and save images in various ways, such as using a video recorder to record clear dynamic images; Use a 35mm camera to capture and save still images in the frozen state of the monitor image; Using laser discs to record dynamic or static images; Use a floppy disk to record still images, and so on. In addition, the electronic endoscope system can also be connected to an electronic computer, storing clinical data such as the patient's name, gender, age, main symptoms, diagnostic results, and various recorded images into the computer. Through editing, examination reports can be printed, and it is also convenient for patient follow-up, medical record statistics research, remote consultations, and teaching. This so-called "graphic workstation" can be connected to the patient and image data workstations in various departments of the hospital, achieving computer management of the hospital. At present, the electronic endoscope image and text system has been widely used in major hospitals and has been welcomed and praised by doctors and patients.

4.电子内窥镜常规使用维护注意事项

4. Precautions for routine use and maintenance of electronic endoscopes

不论电子或纤维内窥镜，其镜身外均为合成树脂保护层，形成内部与外界隔绝的密闭环境。内窥镜的品牌也较多，以上消化道内窥镜为例。内窥镜的内部含有角度钢丝，活检通道，导光束，水气通道，电子镜有CCD组件及信号传输电缆、纤维镜有视像束等，一旦出现漏气，人体腔内分泌物、粘液、水等通过泄漏处进入内窥镜内部，腐蚀其结构。角度钢丝受腐蚀易断，角度活动受限，视像束、导光束受腐蚀易变硬、粘连，转动角度时断裂或抽丝。先端头物组镜头腐蚀易生霉、雾珠、斑迹，严重影响诊断和治疗。电子镜CCD组件受腐蚀，易短路，烧坏CCD，并引发主机故障，维修价格非常昂贵。所以测漏是内窥镜室医护人员或工程师每天必做的重要工作。

Regardless of whether it is an electronic or fiber endoscope, the outside of the endoscope body is protected by a synthetic resin layer, forming a closed environment that isolates the inside from the outside. There are also many brands of endoscopes, taking digestive endoscopy as an example. The interior of the endoscope contains angle steel wires, biopsy channels, guiding beams, water and gas channels, electronic mirrors have CCD components and signal transmission cables, fiber mirrors have visual beams, etc. Once air leakage occurs, secretions, mucus, water, etc. inside the human body enter the endoscope through the leakage point, corroding its structure. The angle steel wire is prone to breakage due to corrosion, and the angle movement is limited. The visual beam and guide beam are prone to hardening and adhesion due to corrosion, and may break or draw wires when rotating the angle. The corrosion of the front end lens is prone to mold, fog droplets, and spots, which seriously affect diagnosis and treatment. The electronic mirror CCD component is corroded, prone to short circuits, burns out the CCD, and causes host malfunctions, making maintenance costs very expensive. So leak detection is an important task that medical staff or engineers in the endoscope room must do every day.