内窥镜按外观总分为 2 大类 ：

　　Endoscopes are divided into two categories based on their appearance:

　　硬镜，一般使用在外科领域，插入管大多由不锈钢材料组成，也有前部可弯曲的硬镜，包括腹腔镜、鼻窦镜，前列腺电切镜、输尿管镜及宫腔镜等 ；

　　Hard endoscopes are generally used in the field of surgery, with insertion tubes mostly made of stainless steel materials. There are also hard endoscopes with a flexible front, including laparoscopy, sinus endoscopy, prostatectomy, ureteroscopy, and hysteroscopy;

　　软镜，内科领域比较多见，如肠胃镜、十二指肠镜、喉镜、气管镜、插管镜及输尿管肾盂镜等。

　　Soft endoscopes are commonly seen in the field of internal medicine, such as colonoscopy, duodenoscopy, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, intubation endoscopy, and ureteropyeloscopy.

　　按结构和成像原理可分为纤维镜，其是利用光学纤维全反射导光与传导图像 ；电子镜，其在纤维镜基础上将传导图像的光导纤维改为了固体摄像元件（CCD）；光学视管，利用柱状透镜进行图像传导 ；比较特别的内镜胶囊胃镜，其体积很小，无线传输图像，犹如一颗药丸 ；超声内镜，其在内镜头部集成了超声探头。

　　According to its structure and imaging principle, it can be divided into fiber mirrors, which use optical fibers to guide light and transmit images through total reflection; Electronic mirror, which replaces the optical fiber that transmits images with a solid-state imaging device (CCD) based on fiber optic mirror; Optical tube, utilizing cylindrical lenses for image transmission; A relatively special endoscopic capsule gastroscope, with a small volume and wireless transmission of images, like a pill; Endoscopic ultrasound, which integrates an ultrasound probe at the endoscope head.

　　内镜的故障分析及维修

　　Analysis and Maintenance of Endoscopic Malfunctions

　　1. 冷光源灯泡不亮，但供电正常

　　1. The cold light bulb does not light up, but the power supply is normal

　　金属卤素灯，一般寿命为 50h，但有种比较特别的“花生豆状”灯泡可达 500h。氙气灯泡，一般寿命为 500h。冷光源面板有灯泡寿命显示，首先确认灯泡是否完好，内部是否发黑，灯丝是否烧溶。如果灯泡完好，氙气灯需要对供电模块进行监测。卤素灯可以直接用万用表测量取灯座的电压，如果有正常电压，极有可能为灯座氧化或灯脚氧化引起的接触不良。如果冷光源有双卤素灯，需要检测微动开关是否正常。

　　Metal halide lamps typically have a lifespan of 50 hours, but there is a unique "peanut shaped" bulb that can last up to 500 hours. Xenon bulbs typically have a lifespan of 500 hours. The cold light source panel has a bulb life display. First, confirm whether the bulb is intact, whether the interior is blackened, and whether the filament is melted. If the light bulb is intact, the xenon lamp needs to monitor the power supply module. Halogen lamps can be directly measured with a multimeter to obtain the voltage of the lamp holder. If there is a normal voltage, it is highly likely that poor contact is caused by oxidation of the lamp holder or lamp pins. If the cold light source has a dual halogen lamp, it is necessary to check whether the micro switch is normal.

　　2.监视器无图像显示

　　2. The monitor has no image display

　　要确保图像主机和显示器都已经接好电源，图像主机和显示器的电源开关指示灯是否亮，如果不亮，需要检查保险和供电，检查图像主机和显示器之间的连线，IN 和OUT 接口是否连接。如果显示器有一个多视频信号源选择器，则选择适当的视频信号。检查显示器相应的设置参数，把亮度、颜色、对比度置于缺省值，要确保摄像头的连接电缆固定在图像主机上。更换图像主机和显示器之间的视频电缆，排除电缆损坏的可能性。

　　To ensure that both the image host and monitor have been powered on, check if the power switch indicator lights of the image host and monitor are on. If they are not on, check the fuse and power supply, check the wiring between the image host and monitor, and ensure that the IN and OUT interfaces are connected. If the monitor has a multi video signal source selector, select the appropriate video signal. Check the corresponding settings parameters of the monitor, set the brightness, color, and contrast to default values, and ensure that the camera's connection cable is fixed to the image host. Replace the video cable between the image host and monitor to eliminate the possibility of cable damage.

　　3. 图像颜色不正确

　　3. Incorrect image color

　　图像颜色不正确就需要 WB 重新校正。首先确认 RGB或 YPbPr 接口没有连接错误，显示器设置参数确认，主机参数确认，选择其他视频通道进行测试，进行 COLOR BAR测试。查看设置菜单的字体和颜色是否正常，如果正常，但内镜图像不正常，基本属于内镜或摄像头故障。

　　If the image color is incorrect, WB needs to be recalibrated. Firstly, confirm that there are no connection errors with the RGB or YPbPr interfaces, confirm the display settings parameters, confirm the host parameters, select another video channel for testing, and perform COLOR BAR testing. Check if the font and color of the settings menu are normal. If they are, but the endoscopic image is abnormal, it is basically a malfunction of the endoscope or camera.

　　图像有干扰

　　Image interference

　　出现干扰应检查使用高频、强电的接地是否有问题，外接设备信号线是否有问题。

　　When interference occurs, check whether there is a problem with the grounding of high-frequency and strong electricity, and whether there is a problem with the signal lines of external equipment.

　　内镜的检修注意事项与方法

　　Precautions and methods for endoscopic maintenance

　　1. 检测软镜的方法

　　1. Method for detecting soft mirrors

　　（1）外观是否正常。

　　(1) Is the appearance normal.

　　（2）对于软性内镜，首先必须要做的过程是漏水测试。

　　(2) For soft endoscopes, the first necessary process is a leak test.

　　（3） 发现漏水，要进行判断水侵入的程度及其部位。

　　(3) If water leakage is found, it is necessary to determine the degree and location of water intrusion.

　　（4）如果没有漏水，但有图像模糊、电子按钮失灵等故障，需要进行简单拆卸进行观察，使用冷热水测试图像的模糊程度。

　　(4) If there is no water leakage, but there are faults such as blurred images and malfunctioning electronic buttons, simple disassembly is needed for observation, and the degree of image blur should be tested using hot and cold water.

　　（5）检查内镜的各部位功能是否正常。

　　(5) Check if all parts of the endoscope are functioning properly.

　　（6）必须要确认图像是否正常。

　　(6) It is necessary to confirm whether the image is normal.

　　（7）如果发生漏水，并在内镜内发现有明显的水汽时，则必须进行干燥处理后，再做判断。

　　(7) If there is water leakage and obvious water vapor is found inside the endoscope, it must be dried before making a judgment.

　　2. 检测硬镜的方法

　　2. Methods for detecting hard mirrors

　　（1）确认图像是否正常，可使用放大镜进行由近到远逐步观察各组柱状透镜的情况。

　　(1) To confirm if the image is normal, a magnifying glass can be used to gradually observe the condition of each group of cylindrical lenses from near to far.

　　（2）检查外观是否正常。

　　(2) Check if the appearance is normal.

　　（3）观察导光束是否正常。

　　(3) Observe whether the light guide beam is normal.

　　（4）观察导光束接口，目镜接口是否正常。

　　(4) Observe whether the light guide interface and eyepiece interface are normal.

　　（5）如有条件可以使用负压测漏。

　　(5) If possible, negative pressure leakage testing can be used.

　　（6）必须链接导光束和摄像头观察图像。

　　(6) It is necessary to link the light guide beam and the camera to observe the image.

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