内窥镜在200年多年的发展过程中结构发生了4次大的改进，从初的硬管式内窥镜(1806-1932)、半曲式内窥镜(1932-1957)到纤维内窥镜(1957以后)，又到如今的电子内窥镜(1983年以后)。影像质量也发生了一次次质的飞跃。
During the development of endoscope for more than 200 years, the structure has been greatly improved four times, from the initial hard tube endoscope (1806-1932), semi curved endoscope (1932-1957), fiber endoscope (after 1957) to today's electronic endoscope (after 1983). Image quality has also undergone a qualitative leap again and again.
其常见的相关故障分析：
Common related fault analysis:
(1)光源系统常见的故障
(1) Common faults of light source system
(a)光线发暗。排除了是光栅遮挡的原因外，基本可以肯定是灯泡接近使用寿命，更换新灯泡则可。氙光灯泡的使用寿命一般设计在500小时，如果光源系统有寿命计时装置，这个问题就很容易。
(a) The light darkened. Excluding the reason that the grating is blocked, it is basically certain that the bulb is close to its service life, and it can be replaced with a new bulb. The service life of xenon light bulb is generally designed at 500 hours. If the light source system has a life timer, this problem can be easily solved.
(b)开机灯泡不亮。如果排除了烧掉灯泡这个原因的话，那么问题常常就出在主机高压点火电路部分，因为开机的时候机器会产生上万伏特的脉冲高压，元件会老化得特别快。注意此时不能用万用表去检查脉冲高压。
(b) The power on bulb does not light up. If the reason of burning the bulb is eliminated, the problem often lies in the high-voltage ignition circuit of the host, because the machine will produce tens of thousands of volts of pulse high voltage when starting up, and the components will age very fast. Note that the pulse high voltage cannot be checked with a multimeter at this time.

(2)人工气腹系统常见的故障
(2) Common faults of artificial pneumoperitoneum system
(a)压力显示不正确。这多是气体压力传感器损坏，如果机器设计有一组多个压差压力传感器同时工作的，一般一个老化或者污染无法工作的时候，我们要把这组传感器全部更换，否则只换其中一个，其他的同组的传感器寿命也接近临界了。
(a) The pressure display is incorrect. This is mostly due to the damage of gas pressure sensors. If the machine is designed to have a group of multiple differential pressure sensors working at the same time, generally when an aging or pollution can not work, we should replace all the sensors in this group, otherwise only one of them will be replaced, and the service life of other sensors in the same group will be close to the critical point.
(b)流量不准确。气体流量传感器损坏更换即可。有时候是通过压差来计算流量的，这时候我们就要更换新的压差传感器。
(b) The flow is not accurate. If the gas flow sensor is damaged, replace it. Sometimes the flow is calculated by differential pressure. At this time, we need to replace the differential pressure sensor.
(c)设备漏气。很多情况是器械密封圈老化而引起的。但也有设备机械减压阀漏气和电磁阀损坏的原因，这个比较容易判断出并对其进行修复。
(c) The equipment leaks. Many cases are caused by the aging of the sealing ring of the instrument. However, there are also reasons for air leakage of mechanical pressure reducing valve and damage of solenoid valve, which is easier to judge and repair.
(3)液体加压系统常见的故障
(3) Common faults of liquid pressurization system
(a)蠕动泵损坏。
(a) The peristaltic pump is damaged.
(b)液体压力传感器损坏。其原理基本与气体压力传感器相同。
(b) The liquid pressure sensor is damaged. Its principle is basically the same as that of gas pressure sensor.
(c)设备内部电路损坏。
(c) The internal circuit of the equipment is damaged.
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