内窥镜是用于通过进入人体外部成像，检查人体器官和组织病变的器械。临床上按照形态可以分为硬式内窥镜、软式内窥镜，按照用途可以分为鼻窦镜、腹腔镜、椎间孔镜等，按照角度可以分为0度镜、30度镜、70度镜、120度镜等。

Endoscope is an instrument used to examine lesions in human organs and tissues by entering the external body for imaging. In clinical practice, endoscopes can be divided into hard endoscopes and soft endoscopes according to their shape. They can be used for different purposes, such as sinusoscopes, laparoscopes, and intervertebral foramen endoscopes. They can be used for angles, such as 0 degree endoscopes, 30 degree endoscopes, 70 degree endoscopes, and 120 degree endoscopes.

硬式内窥镜的结构如下图，主要包括物镜、棒镜或棒镜组、目镜、特种不锈钢管等。

The structure of a rigid endoscope is shown in the figure below, mainly including an objective lens, rod lens or rod lens group, eyepiece, special stainless steel tube, etc.

一般来讲，硬式内窥镜在出厂时都会做一定的测试，比如渗漏测试、震动测试等，出现故障比较多的是人为故障，比如不适当的使用（与刨削器械接触、激光碎石时激光打在镜管上），不适当的（超声清洗）。

Generally speaking, rigid endoscopes undergo certain tests before leaving the factory, such as leakage testing, vibration testing, etc. The most common faults are human errors, such as improper use (contact with planing instruments, laser hitting the endoscope tube during laser lithotripsy), and improper disinfection (ultrasonic cleaning).

常见故障包括图像模糊、照明亮度下降、图像缺角、镜管弯曲凹陷、器械管堵塞等，拆卸检查会发现原因可为盖玻璃损坏、导光束损坏、棒镜损坏等。

Common faults include blurred images, decreased lighting brightness, missing corners in images, bent and concave mirror tubes, and blocked instrument tubes. Upon disassembly and inspection, it can be found that the causes include damaged cover glass, damaged guide beams, and damaged rod mirrors.

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